Sacroiliac Joint Pain in Horses
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Sacroiliac disease can affect any horse, subtly limiting performance
Off your horse goes, bounding through his paddock at a canter after turnout. You laugh, thinking of how he resembles a rabbit in the unusual way his hind feet land together in a hopping motion with each stride. What you’re seeing, however, is no laughing matter. This bunny-hopping and lack of hindquarter coordination, along with weight-shifting and difficulty lifting the hind feet for hoof care, are telltale signs of a performance-limiting condition equine researchers are studying worldwide.
Sacroiliac disease is a relatively new field of scientific study, having only been described in literature since 2003. Researchers’ progress is leading to better recognition, diagnosis, prevention, treatment, and general understanding of this musculoskeletal issue.
Anatomy of the Sacroiliac Region
The sacroiliac (SI) region is the part of the horse’s back where, just as it sounds, the sacrum and the ilium unite. The ilium is the largest, fan-shaped bone of the pelvis, and the sacrum, which is also considered part of the pelvis, is made up of five fused vertebrae that form one solid unit just before the tail.
Two SI joints connect these bony structures, and a series of ligaments along the central aspect of the joints hold those joints together, explains Rob van Wessum, DVM, MS, Dipl. ACVSMR, Cert Pract KNMvD (Equine), of Equine All-Sports Medicine Center, in Mason, Michigan.
The horse is able to move forward efficiently because of this SI region, which transfers forces from the horse’s hind legs to his back. Unlike most other joints and ligaments in the horse’s body, the SI region is designed more for stability and shock absorption than movement.
What’s Going On?
When SI disease hits, it can affect one or several structures within the region, says van Wessum. Ligaments can be torn, stretched, or otherwise damaged, and the bones can show arthritic changes. “In most cases, it’s initially ligament damage that wasn’t originally recognized,” he says. “But when the damage has been there for a long time, it creates arthritis in the joints because they’re not properly supported by the ligaments anymore.”
Scintigraphy (bone scans) and ultrasound might reveal changes in ligament fiber patterns or lesions in the attachments between ligament and bone, he says. Bones can be rough or even show signs of fragmentation or avulsion (when a piece of bone breaks off because of a tendon or ligament’s pull). Ligaments that have been damaged for a long time can become thickened, making them less flexible. “Over time, these kinds of changes can lead to a very crooked horse,” says van Wessum.
The Culprits: Injury and Wear
Sacroiliac disease can appear in any age horse, and it’s often the compounding result of injury plus wear. For instance, “they fall or slip and stretch the ligament,” van Wessum says. “And because they’re not giving very clear lameness, the owner doesn’t recognize it and keeps on working the horse.”
A particularly common concurrent injury is to the top of the hind suspensory ligaments that run down the back of each cannon bone, says Sue Dyson, MA, VetMB, PhD, DEO, an independent equine orthopedic consultant, educator, and researcher.
“Frequently, the way they alter their movement because of the pain in their hind limbs places abnormal stress on the SI joints, and so they get secondary SI joint pain,” she says.
Conformation might also be a primary cause, she adds. Horses that are built “downhill”—with their withers lower than their jumper’s bump (the highest part of the croup)—appear to be more susceptible to SI disease. “I suspect that this is a predisposing factor,” she says, adding that research has yet to confirm this hypothesis.
How we train can contribute to SI disease onset, as well, says Dyson. And the shift in training styles over the years seems to be making the condition more common than it was 30 years ago. “Horses are being worked in a different way today,” she says. “Many more horses are being used for single disciplines. Many are working in arenas and not in a variety of situations. These contribute to wear and tear on the body. A horse that is asked to go constantly in circles is not doing what he was designed to do, and I think it affects them mentally, too.”
Signs of a Problem
So how do you know a horse has SI pain? While only a veterinarian can diagnose it, a few signs should raise red flags.
Lameness, interestingly, is not really one of them. Horses can be lame from SI disease, our sources say. But most of them are not.
Perhaps the most common sign—which is also a sign of many conditions—is reduced performance. “A lot of these horses just don’t want to go forward,” van Wessum says. “Or they’ll be uneven in or have decreased capacity for certain exercises, or they’ll be less symmetrical than before, like in pirouettes or when turning.”
Dr. Rob Van Wessum
Dyson agrees, adding that while some horses might show “genuine lameness as an actual asymmetry,” it’s more common that “they just lack hind-limb impulsion and engagement.”
They might have difficulty in the canter or particularly the lope, since the slowness of the gait seems to produce added challenges. “Their rhythm changes,” van Wessum says. “They can start with a good three-beat canter but then get offbeat and even look ataxic (uncoordinated) sometimes.” The telltale look of the SI-affected horse is that bunny-hop canter, with the back legs moving almost together.
Conflict behavior can also be a sign, as some horses buck or kick out in reaction to the pain they feel working under saddle, Dyson says.
While a characteristic manifestation of the disease is that clinical signs aren’t always evident until the horse is ridden, Dyson says, the horse might still show some indications of discomfort on the ground.
“A lot of horses can be crabby,” van Wessum says, especially if the disease is affecting the joints, which can produce constant, moderate pain levels. They might also frequently shift their weight in the stall. These horses are also likely to be difficult to stand for the farrier, he adds. “Lifting one leg means standing on the other, so they often become unpleasant at that moment, or even try to kick the farrier,” he says.
Palpating the SI area to test for pain won’t offer many clues, says van Wessum. The diseased structures are deep enough in the back that our pushing around on them with our hands isn’t likely to make the horse react. (To read about van Wessum’s research on signs of SI disease, see TheHorse.com/35554.)
Supporting the Healthy SI
How do you keep your horse’s SI region healthy? For starters, select horses with sound conformation, with withers higher than the croup, says Sue Dyson, MA, VetMB, PhD, DEO, FRCVS, head of Clinical Orthopaedics at the Animal Health Trust Centre for Equine Studies, in Newmarket, England. Practice core muscle strengthening and stability training (such as those described in Activate Your Horse’s Core, by Narelle Stubbs and Hilary Clayton). Mix up your exercise program, including plenty of outdoor work. Keep a close eye on behavior and movement following any kind of injury.
And at the first sign of that hippity-hoppity canter, contact your veterinarian for an evaluation. The sooner healing can start, the better the chances for a full recovery.
—Christa Lesté-Lasserre, MA
Conflicting Diagnoses
Sacroiliac disease is easy to mistake for other problems. Owners and veterinarians often think they’re seeing conditions such as ataxia, hock arthritis, or stifle arthritis, van Wessum says. They’ll sometimes recognize it—accurately—as back pain, but they won’t necessarily find the right location. “Many of the horses referred to our practice have gone through three or four diagnoses already,” he says.
If the diagnosis is inaccurate, so is the treatment. Horses will get massages, acupuncture, shock wave therapy, injections, needle therapy—the list is long—all to essentially the wrong area. “But as long as you don’t have the right diagnosis, none of those things work,” van Wessum says.
On the contrary, these efforts delay the time to an accurate diagnosis, leaving the actual problem untreated—and worsening.
Physical Therapy & Other Treatments
The good news is that sacroiliac disease is treatable, and conservative nonsurgical methods can be very effective. While prognosis is better if the disease is caught early, the chances of returning to previous athletic levels are generally quite high, says van Wessum. In his practice more than 90% of horses treated for this condition return to their original level of work or higher.
Horses that have been performing poorly for a year or more could present greater treatment challenges, Dyson says.
The treatment of choice is a physical training program attuned to the individual horse, as the disease can affect different combinations of structures in different ways. A veterinarian can develop a program designed to bring relief and healing in the right order, with the right timing.
Treatment typically begins with stall rest and anti-inflammatories, van Wessum says. And the veterinarian should first address any primary causes, such as a hind-limb injury, adds Dyson. Van Wessum sometimes injects corticosteroids using a specific technique to reach the inflamed SI joint.
Real healing of the SI region begins with exercise. “We put them in a nonridden … program, working with them as round as possible (e.g., in a Pessoa rig),” says Dyson. “We encourage them to work over poles on the ground. When we think we’re making satisfactory progress we put them under saddle again and get them working on things that the horse finds easy, avoiding lateral work and cantering initially,” because the rotational movement of the pelvis causes pain.
Van Wessum structures some of the ridden work around dressage exercises. As an FEI-level dressage rider, judge, and trainer, he says he appreciates the basic gymnastic strengthening that dressage provides for horses of all disciplines. And this is especially true for horses battling SI issues because of their need for core strength and stability.
That core training is also critical to helping build the topline muscles, says Dyson, which SI-affected horses quickly lose when they try to minimize discomfort. “You get into a vicious cycle because if they’re not using the muscles, those muscles are wasting away, and then they don’t have the support, so they’re losing the core stability,” she says.
Van Wessum says that rehabilitation can last six weeks to six months on average, depending on the extent of disease and the structures involved.
Don’t Try This at Home
“Just some core training and gradual dressage work?” you think. “Great! I can fix this SI problem myself, right?”
Wrong.
Sacroiliac rehabilitation requires not only the customized program and skills of a specialized veterinarian but also a precise diagnosis first.
The veterinary evaluation should involve collecting a thorough client history, including behavioral problems, plus conducting a physical exam followed by ultrasound and, if necessary, scintigraphy, van Wessum says.
A ridden lameness exam is a must, says Dyson. “You have to see the horse perform ridden,” she says. “We see every horse ridden unless he’s too lame to be ridden.”
Once the veterinarian confirms diagnosis with a physical exam plus scintigraphy, he or she might refer the horse to a practitioner versed in sports medicine who can devise a stepwise therapy plan for your horse’s healing.
“You really need the complete picture first: what’s going on, which structures are damaged, what primary causes and secondary issues they might have (hock and stifle problems, for example) from being crooked so long,” van Wessum says. “The approach can really vary from one case to another.”
And that approach should ideally come from a veterinarian with experience dealing with SI disease. Unfortunately, that might not be your local veterinarian; you might need a referral to a clinic with a good reputation for managing this condition.
In any case, even with a diagnosis, it’s definitely not something to manage with your own version of conservative treatment. “It’s very difficult to say … ‘I’ll just try this program to make him better,’” van Wessum says. “You’re likely to be very disappointed.”
Take-Home Message
Sacroiliac disease is debilitating and performance-limiting. A lack of understanding about this condition can lead to inefficient treatment and even welfare problems for the horse—especially if handlers consider his issues to be behavior-related. Know how to recognize the signs and work with your veterinarian to get a diagnosis—knowing it might involve a referral—and personalized treatment program to help your horse get back on track and performing his best.
Christa Lesté-Lasserre, MA
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